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An internal combustion engine creates a large amount of heat. Much of the heat goes out of the car through the exhaust system, but a great deal is still absorbed by the engine. Your engine runs best when it is warm, but if things get too hot, the pistons can weld themselves to the cylinders and that's the end of the engine.
The cooling system is responsible for allowing the car to warm up to the correct working temperature and for maintaining that temperature.